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Titanium Alloys “Three Upsetting and Three Drawing” Process
Definition:
The “Three Upsetting and Three Drawing” process is a specialized thermomechanical forging technique
used for titanium alloys (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V) to refine grain structure, improve mechanical properties,
and enhance material uniformity.
. Rison Titanium Process Objectives
- Grain refinement: Breaks coarse as-cast/forged grains.
- Densification: Reduces porosity and internal defects.
- Mechanical enhancement: Improves strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance.
2. Key Steps
The process involves three cycles of upsetting (compression) and drawing (elongation)
under controlled temperatures:
- Heating: Heat the billet to 20–50°C below β-transus (e.g., 900–950°C for Ti-6Al-4V).
- Upsetting : Axial compression to deform grains laterally.
- Drawing : Longitudinal stretching to further refine grains.
- Repetition: Perform 3 full cycles to achieve dynamic recrystallization.
3. Critical Parameters
| Parameter | Requirement | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Below β-transus (avoid β brittleness) | Balance plasticity & refinement |
| Deformation | 30–50% per upset/draw pass | Ensure complete recrystallization |
| Cooling Rate | Air cooling or controlled cooling | Control α+β phase ratio |
| Intermediate Annealing | Optional (e.g., 700°C/1h) | Relieve residual stress |
4. Effects & Benefits
- Grain size: Reduces from 100–200 μm to 10–20 μm.
- Strength: Increases UTS by 10–15%, improves elongation.
- Isotropy: Minimizes forging anisotropy.
5. Rison Titanium Alloys Applications
- Aerospace: Engine blades, landing gear components.
- Medical: Pre-forging of orthopedic implants.
- Military: Missile casings, naval pressure hulls.
6. Notes
- Avoid β-phase overheating: Prevents grain coarsening.
- Tooling: High-temperature molds (e.g., molybdenum alloys).
- Cost: Energy-intensive; reserved for high-value parts.
Comparison with Western Practices
Similar to “multidirectional forging” or “thermomechanical processing (TMP)” in ASTM/Aero standards,
but with stricter cycle control.
Example:
- Ti-6Al-4V after 3D forging:
- UTS: ≥1100 MPa
- Grain size: ASTM 10–12
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Rison Titanium is a very professional company ,we are specialized in the production of
Titanium more than 12 years. As well as we are the American Titanium Industry Association
Member. Our taitanium bar Quality Inspected Before Shipping and our company Manufacture
in Strictly Accordance with ISO9001:2015& AS 9100 :2018.
